3D reverse printing method and device

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method and a device for producing three-dimensional models, wherein binding/bonding material is applied in layers to a building platform and media are selectively applied which delay or completely prevent the binding of the applied material.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a national phase filing under 35 USC § 371 of PCT Application serial number PCT/DE2015/000256 filed on May 22, 2015, and claims priority therefrom. This application further claims priority to German Patent Application Number DE 10 2014 007 584.2 filed on May 26, 2014. PCT Application Number PCT/DE2015/000256 and German Patent Application Number DE 10 2014 007 584.2 are each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing three-dimensional models, wherein binding/bonding material is applied in layers to a building platform and media are selectively applied which delay or completely prevent the binding of the applied material.

A method for producing three-dimensional objects from computer data is described, for example, in EP 0 431 924 B1. In this method, a particulate material is deposited in a thin layer onto a platform, and a binder material is selectively printed on the particulate material, using a print head. The particle area onto which the binder is printed sticks together and solidifies under the influence of the binder and, if necessary, an additional hardener. The platform is then lowered by a distance of one layer thickness into a build cylinder and provided with a new layer of particulate material, which is also printed as described above. These steps are repeated until a certain, desired height of the object is achieved. A three-dimensional object is thereby produced from the printed and solidified areas.

3D printing methods are furthermore known, in which areas are selectively printed with media for the purpose of preventing a sintering of these areas, and the unprinted areas are then permanently bonded to each other in a sintering step, whereby a three-dimensional model is ultimately created. One example of this is WO 01/38061 A1, which neither discloses nor suggests the invention.

The known 3D printing methods may be used to process different particulate materials, such as natural biological raw materials, polymers, plastics, metals, ceramics and sands.

Binders that are used outside of 3D printing applications are highly developed. Epoxy resin may serve as an example. When mixed with sand, for example, it results in a stone-like material with excellent strength properties.

Up to now, however, making material systems which are intrinsically advantageous for 3D printing and have very positive material properties accessible to this method has been unsuccessful either entirely or only to an unsatisfactory degree. These positive material properties are thus lost to 3D printing. The print head process component, which is able to process only a very limited range of materials and is susceptible to errors when using known and intrinsically advantageous materials, is problematic in this context.

Specifically, 3D printing methods are subject to the disadvantages described below.

Powder-based 3D printing methods are described, for example, in patent EP 0 431 924 B1. In this case, a base material in the form of powder is applied in layers. Cavities naturally result between the particles. These cavities weaken the strength of the printed component.

To increase the strength, the cavities must be filled with material that is introduced through the print head in liquid form. The printed material must harden without drying. Since the material is dosed via the print head, relatively low viscosities in the liquid state are necessary, especially in the ink jet methods used here.

For example, if we examine the material system of concrete, we will see that concrete mixed at the point of use solidifies on its own without supplying any air. However, the cement paste per se cannot be processed with the aid of an ink jet print head.

Reactive resin systems may be a second example. These materials polymerize, e.g., after the mixing of two reactive components, and thus harden. The chain length of the prepolymers is usually very high in this case in order to minimize shrinkage during the reaction. The health hazard decreases as the chain length of the prepolymers increases, although the viscosity also increases. Such material systems are thus usually difficult or impossible to print.

Another feature of such products is that they require intimate mixing prior to casting. Only by doing so is the right reaction between the functional groups in the viscous medium ensured. A mixture of this type would have to take place prior to the dosing operation and would thus endanger the print head, since the mixture may harden in the print head before it is dosed.

One objective of the invention is to make the use of standard materials having positive material properties accessible to 3D printing or to avoid or at least reduce the disadvantages of the prior art.

The approach according to the invention is achieved in one aspect by a method for producing three-dimensional models using a layering technique, wherein particulate build material is applied to a build space in a defined layer thickness in the form of powder or dispersion, a liquid is then selectively applied via a print head to the build material in the areas in which the build material is not to be solidified by a solidification reaction, the build space is moved, preferably lowered, raised or horizontally moved, by the layer thickness, and these steps are repeated until the desired model is produced, wherein the solidification reaction of the build material has already started, starts or may be started by introducing energy upon the application of the build material, and a reaction-inhibiting or reaction-stopping liquid is selectively applied by the print head, and no binder material is preferably applied and/or no sintering step is carried out.

In one aspect, the invention essentially consists in making the mixing and consolidation methods known from material processing usable for 3D printing when using standard materials by applying a method in which the negative of the necessary mold is treated in layers with a retarding agent.

The advantage of the method according to the invention is that material systems having advantageous material properties may now be made accessible to 3D printing. It is thus possible to produce 3D models having very good molding properties cost-effectively and in a time-saving manner.

The advantage of the invention also consists in the fact that a building material which solidifies over time may be applied in layers, and a 3D model having good material properties may thus be produced without requiring any additional treatment or solidification steps, such as sintering.

The present invention and, in particular, the method according to the invention, relate to a 3D printing method with the proviso that the latter does not involve any sintering step and preferably uses material systems or materials other than those in WO 01/38061 A1.

The difference between the invention described in the present case and, for example, WO 01/38061 A1 is, in particular, that the method described therein relates to a sintering method. A method having a sintering step is preferably excluded from the scope of protection of the present invention or represents a disclaimer.

A number of terms in the invention are explained in greater detail below.

Within the meaning of the invention, “3D printing method” or “layering technique” relates to all methods known from the prior art which facilitate the construction of models in three-dimensional forms and are compatible with suitable method components and devices. In particular, these are powder-based methods, which may be carried out using suitable material systems.

“Molded body,” “model” or “component” within the meaning of the invention are all three-dimensional objects that are produced with the aid of the method according to the invention and/or the device according to the invention and which have a nondeformability.

Any known 3D printing device that contains the necessary components may be used as the “device” for carrying out the method according to the invention. Common components include a coater, a build space, a means for moving the build space or other components, a dosing device and a heating means and other components which are known to those skilled in the art and therefore do not need to be listed in greater detail here.

All materials in powder form, in particular sands, ceramic powders, metal powders, plastics, wood particles, fibrous materials, celluloses and/or lactose powders may be used as “particulate materials.” The particulate material is preferably a dry, free-flowing or a cohesive, firm powder. Dispersions of the particulate materials employed may also be used.

“Build space” is the geometric place in which the particulate material feedstock grows during the build process by repeated coating with particulate material. The build space is generally delimited by a floor, the building platform, by walls and an open cover surface, the build plane.

“Building platform” within the meaning of the invention is the plane on which the model is built. It may be moved after each layer application during the construction of the model. The building platform may be mounted in the device essentially horizontally or at an angle.

A “moving” of the building platform means that the building platform is lowered, raised or moved horizontally by one layer thickness in order to apply the next layer.

“IR heating” in this patent means an irradiation of the build space using an infrared emitter. The emitter may be static, or it may be moved over the build space with the aid of a positioning unit.

“UV hardening” refers to the initiation of a material system by means of radiation. The wavelength of the radiation does not necessarily have to be in the spectrum of the UV radiation. Wavelengths of the UV-Vis and Vis classes may also be used. A radiation of this type may be used as the activation step.

“Build material” within the meaning of the invention is any material or material mixture that may be applied with the aid of a device within the meaning of the invention. These may be powders or particulate materials. They are preferably two-component mixtures, in which a solidification reaction is started only by mixing them together. The build material may also be present in the form of a dispersion. Materials or build materials or a material system within the meaning of the invention may consist, in particular, of concrete or mortar, a mixture of a filler and a reactive resin system, a mixture of a foundry molding material and a reactive resin system which is common in foundries, a mixture of a filler and water glass or a mixture of particles and meltable material. Build materials within the meaning of the invention are described in more detail below.

“Layer thickness” within the meaning of the invention is set selectively, depending on the material and special method implementation. It may remain the same throughout the method or be varied during the course of the method. The layer thickness is preferably in the range of 50 to 500 μm, more preferably 100 to 400 μm and even more preferably 150 to 300 μm.

The “solidification reaction of the build material” within the meaning of the invention has already begun when the build material is applied. It may be accelerated by suitable measures, such as regulating the temperature of the build space, or initially started by an activation measure. An application of energy in the form of heat or thermal radiation may be used for this purpose.

A “reaction-inhibiting” or “reaction-stopping material” or “liquid” within the meaning of the invention—also referred to as a “retarding agent”—is any material which is able to slow down, inhibit or entirely stop a solidification of the building material by being applied. A “retarding agent” within the meaning of the invention is a substance that influences and slows down the hardening process. These include bases, acids, alcohols, hydrophobic solutions, oils, hydroquinone, or substances having monofunctional groups.

“Binding agents” within the meaning of the invention may preferably be a cement or gypsum, an acrylate or styrene, a polyurethane, an epoxy resin, a polyester and/or a polyamide. Additional details are discussed below.

An “activation step” within the meaning of the invention is a method measure which causes the solidification reaction to progress faster and/or more completely. In one preferred implementation of the method, an activation step may also mean a crossing of a threshold which is critical for the particular reaction, which results in the controlled starting of the solidification reaction.

Reactions within the meaning of the invention may preferably be—without being limited thereto—a hydration, a polymerization or a phase transition reaction.

The mechanism according to the invention is based in part on the “retardation” or blocking of the hardening process. A duration of the retardation which makes it possible to safely remove deposits from the component is meant hereby. In the case of activatable materials, the duration is nearly unlimited.

“Deposits” are partially solidified areas which occur outside the geometric boundary of the component. They are generally undesirable and should be removable by means of brushing, blowing off or powder blasting.

“Outer area” describes the surface outside the geometric boundary of the component. According to the invention, a retarding agent is applied here. This may take place, according to the invention, over the entire surface or only on the component boundaries or outside the component in each layer, or partially.

“Melting temperature” within the meaning of the invention relates to a temperature which must be present in the build space and ultimately in the build material in order for a solidification process to result. It may vary and depends on the particular materials used.

In the method according to the invention, the particulate material (build material) is preferably selected from the group consisting of freshly mixed concrete or mortar, a mixture of a filler and a reactive resin system, a mixture of a foundry molding material and a reactive resin system common in foundries, a mixture of a filler and water glass or a mixture of particles and meltable material, the mixture being heated to a temperature above the melting temperature of the meltable material prior to application.

In the method, the build material is normally mixed intimately in a means provided for this purpose shortly before being applied, and a hardening reaction then independently sets in. Additional activation steps or solidification measures, such as sintering, are no longer necessary to obtain the hardened component.

However, it may be advantageous to additionally carry out an activation step to accelerate the method and the build process for producing the 3D molded parts. This activation step preferably takes place after the application from the print head.

The additional activation step preferably takes place by means of irradiation, more preferably with the aid of IR radiation.

It may be advantageous for different reasons, for example to obtain advantageous material properties in the 3D components, to delay the solidification reaction in the method according to the invention by hours, particularly preferably by multiple days, or to essentially stop it altogether.

In another preferred embodiment, the method and the materials for building the 3D molded part may be selected in such a way that the solidification reaction is started by radiation.

The solidification reaction may be based on different mechanisms, depending on the selected build materials. The solidification reaction may be a hydration, a polymerization or a phase transition reaction.

Any suitable binding agent may be used which is compatible with the other material components and device means. A cement or gypsum, an acrylate or styrene, a polyurethane, an epoxy resin, a polyester and/or a polyamide is/are preferably used as the binding agent.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a material system, as described herein, in a 3D printing method described herein.

The invention furthermore relates to a device for carrying out a 3D printing method according to the invention.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a device which includes means known to those skilled in the art for carrying out a 3D printing method. This device has particular device means, modified in a special manner or additionally, to be able to carry out the method according to the invention.

Those skilled in the art will understand that precautions must be taken to carry out the method according to the invention, in order to ensure a fault-free operation, for example, of the print head.

The print head may be specially designed in different aspects for this purpose, such as being coated with non-stick media to prevent the print head from sticking. For example, a Teflon coating of the print head may be provided in this case.

Another advantageous embodiment of the printing device may consist in the fact that the device includes a cleaning station for the print head and/or the coating means (coater, recoater). The print head and/or the coater is/are preferably moved to this cleaning station after each coating, more preferably after every tenth coating, or as needed, and is freed of contaminants of the applied materials (build material/particulate material, material mixture, reaction-inhibiting or reaction-stopping liquid). At the cleaning station, contaminants are removed from the coater along its entire length.

In the method according to the invention, build material which is already capable of binding or bonding or hardening, or whose material components pass through a reaction that permits a binding of the particle components, is already situated in the coater.

One approach for keeping the coater operational and protecting it against contaminants or from being clogged with binding material therefore consists in the fact that the device has a so-called dump station, to which the coater is moved while other method steps are being carried out, or there is, for example, a coating pause during the course of the method. This dump station is designed in such a way that the coater continues the coating process here and thereby ensures that the build material is continuously dispensed, and a clogging by the build material is prevented.

Once the coating operation is to be continued in the method, the coater is returned to the building platform, and the build process of the 3D model may be continued.

The method according to the invention furthermore uses build material, in which the binding reaction/solidification reaction has already started when the coater is filled. To minimize the so-called dead material, which is ultimately not used in the build process, the material components are mixed with each other using a mixing means a short time prior to filling the coater. This has multiple advantages. Due to the relatively small amounts of this mixture, an intimate mixing as well as a good reaction and thus solidification in the build material is ensured, which has a positive effect on the material properties of the 3D component produced. In addition, the amount of dead material in the material to be discarded is kept as small as possible, and the use of material is thus also minimized.

As a result, in one preferred embodiment, the device comprises a cleaning station for the coater and, if necessary, for the print head, a mixing device for the build material and preferably a dump station for discharging dead material, in addition to the usual structural means of a 3D printing device.

In another preferred aspect, the invention thus relates to a device, suitable for 3D printing, comprising a movable building platform, a coater for applying build material which is a self-hardening material mixture, at least one print head unit, at least one mixing unit, at least one cleaning unit for cleaning the coater, if necessary, at least one cleaning unit for cleaning the print head unit and, if necessary, a receiving unit for receiving build material.

The receiving unit is preferably used to receive dead material which is not used for the build process, while the coater must be moved into a waiting position due to other work steps to be carried out. By discharging build material from the coater into this receiving unit, it is advantageously achieved that the coater is not contaminated, remains fully operational, and the coating may continue in a precise manner after the waiting position and waiting time. This also partially avoids the need for cleaning, or at least reduces the cleaning cycles. This has a positive effect on the process speed and increases the productivity of the build process, while maintaining the same standard of quality.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The figures describe 3D printers from the prior art as well as preferred specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1: shows a schematic representation of the components of a powder-based 3D printer in an isometric view.

FIG. 2: shows a sequence of a conventional 3D printing process with the use of a layered radiation hardening technique.

FIG. 3: shows a diagram of the unpacking of components from a reaction-inhibited material which may be used according to the invention.

FIG. 4: shows a diagram of an inhibited phase transition reaction which may be used according to the invention.

REACTION SCHEMATA

Schema 1: Chemical reaction of a reaction-inhibited cold resin method which may be used according to the invention.

Schema 2: Chemical reaction of a reaction-inhibited cold-box method which may be used according to the invention.

Preferred Embodiments of the Invention

In a first step, a liquid or powdered material (build material) is applied to a building platform and smoothed with the aid of a coater. This material solidifies on its own over time or preferably by means of an activation process. The material may solidify, for example, by means of drying. A chemical reaction that progresses slowly is also conceivable. Physical processes, such as a phase transition, are also conceivable.

A liquid substance, or a substance located in a liquid, which slows down or blocks the particular solidification mechanism, is then applied via an ink jet print head (print head) before or after an optional solidification step.

A solidification step may be, e.g., a drying process following the print process. However, a UV activation of a hardenable polymer is also conceivable.

The building platform is subsequently lowered by one layer thickness.

The aforementioned steps are repeated until the desired body has been created.

In the end, the material surrounding the component and the deposits are removed. This may take place by brushing, blasting or rinsing, depending on the type of the mechanism.

The advantages of this method are that the slowing down or blocking of the solidification mechanism may usually be achieved using a very small amount of an inhibiting medium. This medium is usually easier to dose than the solidifying materials.

In addition, intimate mixtures may be achieved in this manner. The material may be intensively prepared using the customary mixing tools. Powerful mixing energies may be used.

The third aspect relates to the introduction of reinforcements into the component. Due to the premixing, much more complex materials may be processed as a layer than when using prior-art methods.

The consolidation of the base material is likewise influenced. Methods for the liquid dispensing of powder materials may be used, which advantageously influence an efficient particle packing.

In summary, the inventors have developed a means for advantageously making the use of materials accessible to 3D printing methods which were previously unusable for 3D printing. For example, a conventional concrete may be processed.

The result is a component which is in no way inferior to a cast quality. For example, a plastic component may likewise be produced from highly viscous reactive resins. Strengths that are excellent for additively produced components are associated therewith.

Other Preferred Embodiments of the Invention

The system according to the invention draws heavily on powder-based 3D printing. The mechanical engineering is augmented to meet the requirements according to the invention.

The device according to the invention includes a coater (2). This coater is used to apply and smooth premixed particulate material or a liquid containing particulate material onto a building platform (3) (FIG. 2(a)). The applied particulate material may consist of a wide range of materials. For example, sands, ceramic powders, metal powders, plastic, wood particles, fibrous materials, celluloses, lactose powders, etc. may be used. The flow characteristics of these materials may vary enormously. Different coater techniques permit layering from dry, free-flowing powders and cohesive, firm powders to liquid-based dispersions. The height of powder layers (4) is determined by building platform (3). It is lowered after one layer has been applied. During the next coating operation, the resulting volume is filled and the excess smoothed. The result is a nearly perfectly parallel and smooth layer of a defined height.

According to the invention, the solidification process of the applied build material begins before the application, since all components needed for the reaction have been recently mixed intimately in a mixing means. The build material is thus produced in a preparation means prior to dispensing and quickly fed to the coater. The transport times and flow rates are monitored. If an error occurs, the material is not supplied to the machine, and the machine is rinsed with neutral material. The neutral material may comprise, for example, a passive component of the build material.

The material feed is structurally carried out without any dead space. I.e., the material flow always carries along all material quantities located in the feed laminarly.

After a coating process, the layer is printed with a liquid—the so-called retarding agent—with the aid of an ink jet print head (1) (FIG. 2(b)). The print image corresponds to the inverted section of the component in the present build height of the device. The liquid slowly and diffusively penetrates the particulate material.

Following the method according to the invention, the retarding agent solidifies the layer during or shortly after printing (FIG. 2(c)). To speed up this process, or to initiate the hardening, an IR radiator (5), for example, may be additionally passed over the build space in one preferred embodiment. This IR radiator may be coupled with the axis of the coating system. The solvent evaporates during heating. In the case of liquids that present a fire hazard, the evaporating material is extracted immediately (7).

This process may be used to influence, and preferably to speed up, the time sequences of the solidification reaction. The period of time until the parts are unpacked may be shortened thereby.

In the method according to the invention, a job block (300) is generally produced by the build process, from which the embedded components (301) must be removed following the build process. This procedure may take place, e.g., by rinsing with a liquid (302, 303). Likewise or additionally, the component may be exposed by scrubbing or brushing manually (305).

Brief descriptions of preferred material systems are provided below. In each case, the overall process is briefly illustrated.

Cement-bound material An aggregate, such as sand, is mixed with a cement paste, water and additives. This paste-like substance is applied to a building platform with the aid of a special coater.

An acidic sugar solution is dispensed as the reaction-retarding substance onto the areas that are not to be solidified. This combination interferes with the hydration of the cement and thus the solidification.

After a certain binding time, the resulting job block may be detached with the aid of water. The “retarded” material is then brushed off under the action of water. The rinsing solution is environmentally safe, since it is non-toxic.

The component produced in this manner is comparable to a cement component produced by casting in terms of its condition and strength characteristics.

Polymer Synthesis Reaction (Cold Resin)

A reaction-retarded cold resin binding agent for metal casting applications is mixed with a hardener and sand as a batch and fed into the coater. The latter applies the build material as a layer. Compared to the prior art, a special coater is used, which is able to process very cohesive sand mixtures.

An ink-jet print head prints a basic substance in the area in which the sand is to be removed later on. Only a small quantity of a highly basic-acting substance must be applied.

The build material completely solidifies in this process without a substance being printed thereon. Special measures must be taken to protect the mixer, coater and build container.

The result of this process is a porous mold or a core having a cold resin binding, which may be used in metal casting in the known manner.

Polymer Synthesis Reaction (Polyurethane)

An at least difunctional prepolymer isocyanate is mixed with at least difunctional phenol-containing polyol and other additives and with foundry sand. The mixture is set in such a way that the polymerization reaction takes multiple tens of minutes or sets in only after at least this dwell time.

In the area where the sand is to be removed later on, an ink-jet print head prints a substance which, on the one hand, is monofunctional and, on the other hand, reacts with a reactive component much faster than with the multifunctional reactant. The reactive groups needed for a polymerization are reduced thereby. In this system, for example, a printing of compounds with the formula R—OH or R1-NH—R2 is efficacious, short-chain alcohols, such as ethanol or 2-propanol being preferred with regard to the resulting reaction products. Isocyanate groups are effectively and irreversibly deactivated with these substances.

For unpacking, the loose sand is brushed and blasted off.

The result is a casting mold for metal casting applications of the cold box type known in this field.

Polymer Synthesis Reaction (Polyacrylate)

A base material, such as expanded glass or a polymer, is mixed with radically polymerizable acrylates. A photoinitiator is also added to the system.

In the area where the base material is to be removed later on, an ink-jet print head prints a substance which interferes with the further concatenation or deactivates the photoinitiator. These may be known inhibitors such as TEMPO or hydroquinone.

The printing process is followed by an exposure to light using a UV lamp. Due to the deactivated photoinitiator, either no radicals for the polymerization, or only as many radicals as can be immediately absorbed by the added inhibitors, are formed in the printed areas. As a result, no solidity may build up in the printed areas.

The result of this process is a filled plastic component. The latter may be used as a function component in industrial applications or as a visual aid.

Phase Change

A base material (600), e.g. polystyrene powder, is mixed with a wax (601) and heated to a temperature above its melting point (FIG. 4a ). In the hot state, it is applied to the building platform with the aid of the coater. The temperature in the build space is maintained above the melting point of the wax.

This layer is printed with oil drops (602), e.g., paraffin oil (FIG. 4b ). This oil is mixable with the hot wax. This mixture (603) is located between the particles in the outer area.

During the slow cooling process, a solidity forms in the unprinted area, due to the cooled particle bridges (604). In the printed area, the oil interferes with the formation of solidity. The particles in this area (outside component contour 605) may subsequently be easily brushed off.

The component produced in this manner may be used as a so-called wax model for investment casting applications.

To simplify the separation of the desired component and the surrounding material, printing the retarding agent only linearly along the outer contour of the particular layer cross section and printing the areas outside the component contour with a grid are expedient for reasons of material economy. If all-over separating planes are now inserted in a certain order, a cube structure arises around the component, which may be easily removed, even from complex geometric sections. The size of the cube geometry may be either set as standard, or it may automatically adapt to the component contour with the aid of corresponding algorithms.

A number of reaction schemata are furthermore illustrated for the material systems according to the invention:

Reaction of furfuryl alcohol with condensation under acidic conditions; increase in pH value prevents the reaction from taking place.

Polymerization is prevented by a competition reaction of the isocyanate with 2-propanol.

List of Reference Numerals

-   100 Ink-jet print head -   101 Powder coater -   102 Building platform -   103 Component -   104 Build space boundary -   107 Powder layers -   200 Solidifying unit -   300 Job block -   301 Embedded component -   302 Rinsing nozzle -   303 Dripping material in the outer area -   304 Exposed component -   305 Brush -   600 Base particles -   601 Liquid wax -   602 Oil drops -   603 Bridge of wax/oil -   604 Solidified wax -   605 Component contour 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing three-dimensional models using a layering technique, comprising the steps of: applying a particulate build material to a build space in a defined layer thickness in the form of a powder or a dispersion, selectively applying a liquid via a print head to the particulate build material in one or more areas in which the particulate build material is not to be solidified by a solidification reaction, and moving the build space wherein these steps are repeated until the desired model is produced, wherein the solidification reaction of the build material has already started, starts or may be started by introducing energy upon the application of the build material, and the liquid is a reaction-inhibiting liquid or a reaction-stopping liquid; wherein the particulate build material is selected from the group consisting of a mixture of a foundry molding material and a reactive resin system common in foundries, or a mixture of a filler and water glass.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the particulate build material includes a metal powder, a wood particle, a cellulose, or a lactose powder.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein an additional activation step takes place after the application from the print head.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the solidification reaction is delayed for hours, optionally wherein the solidification reaction is delayed for multiple days or completely stopped by the liquid.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the solidification reaction is started by radiation.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the solidification reaction is a hydration, a polymerization or a phase transition reaction.
 7. A method for producing three-dimensional models using a layering technique, comprising the steps of: applying a particulate build material to a build space in a defined layer thickness with a coater, selectively applying a liquid via a print head to the particulate build material in one or more areas in which the particulate build material is not to be solidified by a solidification reaction, and moving the build space wherein these steps are repeated until the desired model is produced, wherein the solidification reaction of the build material has already started upon the application of the build material prior to the step of selectively applying the liquid, and the liquid is a reaction-inhibiting liquid or a reaction-stopping liquid; wherein the particulate build material includes a powder material, and a binding agent, wherein the binding agent includes an acrylate, a styrene, a polyurethane, an epoxy resin, a polyester or a polyamide.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the build space is on a build platform and the step of moving the build space includes lowering, raising or horizontally moving the build platform, wherein the build platform is moved by the layer thickness.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein no sintering step is carried out.
 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the additional activation step takes place with the aid of irradiation, optionally infrared radiation.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solidification reaction starts prior to the step of selectively applying the liquid.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid includes a monofunctional reactant.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein no binder material is selectively applied.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the build material is a self-hardening material mixture and is applied with a coater.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the liquid slows down or prevents a self-hardening reaction of the build material.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes a step of cleaning the print head with a cleaning unit.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the particulate build material includes a sand, a ceramic powder, a metal powder, a wood particle, a fibrous material, a cellulose, or a lactose powder.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the build space is on a build platform and the step of moving the build space includes lowering, raising or horizontally moving the build platform, wherein the build platform is moved by the layer thickness.
 19. The method of claim 7, wherein the build space is on a build platform and the step of moving the build space includes lowering, raising or horizontally moving the build platform, wherein the build platform is moved by the layer thickness.
 20. A method for producing three-dimensional models using a layering technique, comprising the steps of: applying a build material including a powder material and a phase change material to a build space in a defined layer thickness, wherein the build material is applied at a build space temperature above a melting temperature of the phase change material; selectively applying a liquid via a print head to the build material in one or more areas in which the build material is not to be solidified, wherein the liquid interferes with the solidification of the phase change material; and moving the build space; wherein these steps are repeated until the desired model is produced, and cooling the build material, whereupon the phase change material solidifies and forms solid bridges between particles of the powder in a region that is not printed with the liquid, and the phase change material does not solidify in a region that is printed with the liquid; and removing the build material printed with the liquid from the three-dimensional model.
 21. A method for producing three-dimensional models using a layering technique, comprising the steps of: applying a build material including an aggregate material, a cement paste, water, and additives to a build space in a defined layer thickness, wherein the build material is applied as a paste-like substance; selectively applying a liquid via a print head to the build material in one or more areas in which the build material is not to be solidified, wherein the liquid includes an acidic sugar solution that interferes with hydration of the cement; and moving the build space; wherein these steps are repeated until the desired model is produced; and the method includes allowing a sufficient binding time for a region without the printed liquid to solidify; and removing the build material printed with the liquid from the three-dimensional model.
 22. A method for producing three-dimensional models using a layering technique, comprising the steps of: applying a build material including an aggregate material, a paste, water, and additives to a build space in a defined layer thickness, wherein the build material is applied as a past-like substance, and the aggregate material is a metal or a ceramic; selectively applying a liquid via a print head to the build material in one or more areas in which the build material is not to be solidified, wherein the liquid is a reaction-inhibiting liquid or a reaction stopping-liquid; and moving the build space; wherein these steps are repeated until the desired model is produced, wherein a solidification reaction of the build material starts before introducing energy or starts by introducing energy; allowing a sufficient binding time for a region without the printed liquid to solidify; and removing the build material printed with the liquid from the three-dimensional model.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the liquid includes the acidic sugar solution, an acid, or a hydrophobic solution. 